What this is about, including full list.

Lists suck because they are open to the easy criticism that something was left out or that the list maker didn’t consider X. Even when I stated openly my reasons for the list I chose (using the original nations in Civilization because it was easy and final), I was immediately asked why I wasn’t adding Arabs or Japanese or Spanish or Vikings or Koreans or Canadians.

Thing is, there is a good case for looking at a few of these, if only to examine why they were left out of the original Civilization (though there were no real national characters there) and why a couple have become canonical Civ nations, and even crucial for other games.

Take the Arabs, for example. They were in neither Civilization 1 or 2, though there was an Arab text file in Civ 2 that you could use to substitute in for one of the default nations. There is no doubt that the Arabs are a major world culture, one that has altered history, science, politics and religion every bit as dramatically as the Romans. Islam became a unifying force driving conquest in the Middle Ages, and Arab translations of classical works fueled a medieval Renaissance of a sort from Cordoba to Baghdad. Like Christendom, the political rivalries and religious schisms kept Arabia from being a monolithic imperial power, and this allowed Crusader kingdoms to pop up and, eventually, the Turks and Mongols to walk through. But the Arabs are too important to be left out – certainly more important than the Babylonians, or even the Germans.

Civilization didn’t get a “real” Arabia until the Play the World expansion for Civ 3. Led by Mohammed’s father-in-law Abu Bakr, they are geared for early cultural power (religious) and scouting (expansionist). Civ 4 added Arabs at the start, changed the leader to Saladin, and joined the religious power to defensive might. Civ 5 makes Harun al-Rashid an economic giant with caravans and a bazaar. I think that now, the Arabs are here to stay in the Civ series.

So are the Japanese, also excluded from the first Civ. But once the Civ design let them stick in samurai, Japan had its iconic unit, if not characteristics. The Japans that most strategy games celebrate are the civil wars of the samurai era, with competition for the Shogunate, and Japan’s disastrous spasm of conquest in the first half of the 20th century. Japan’s economic might of the 1970s and 1980s is somehow less interesting as a national personality, even though a lot of our current Western ideas about Japan are based on that business culture more than real bushido.

And finally, the Spanish, who I’ve written about before in the context of games about exploration. Because even though the Spanish weren’t in the original Civ, and were expansion afterthoughts in Civ 3 and Civ 5, they are the big warriors and dominant power in any game that focuses on 15th to 17th century America. The conquistadors are the weapon of choice in Civ, and Spain can usually bring a little more military muscle to bear in any period focused 4x game.

The Arabs and Spanish can each claim to be one of the most globally significant cultures in human history, but both have been treated kind of like an afterthought by the Civ series. The Arabs have it worse since they don’t even make an appearance in Rise of Nations at all, get tagged as the “Saracens” in Age of Kings and usually only pop up in games where knights need to take a castle or the Israeli Defense Force has to do another one of those quality v quantity battles. At least the Spanish will always have Colonization and Conquest of the New World and Pirates!. Though their historical influence is dwarfed by China, Japan is a major East Asian power and if you want a second one then this is who you turn to. They always have samurai in games, and the aesthetic of the Shogun Era means that you can get some truly breathtaking art and music to go with your battles (Shogun: Total War and Sengoku both excel in this regard.)

So Japan ends up regularly making the cut for Civilization and other games, I would argue for geographic reasons as much as any other. We can make do with one African civ, but not one East Asian civ, especially since Japan was a great American enemy less than a century ago. There are already lots of European civs, so Spain can wait for the expansion (as it did in Age of Kings) or be a bland default (like in Age of Empires 3). And another Middle Eastern nation? Egypt is Arab now, so we can just wrap that all in (which is what Rise of Nations did – Egypt gets unique camel cavalry a la Arab armies). So Japan moved confidently and assuredly from not significant to crucial.

Of course, Western fascination with Japan helps, too. Japanese culture is mainstream in some gaming circles and ninjas are a nerd meme that should have died years ago. The 20th century could have been a Japanese century if it had not turned its rapid modernization towards costly wars for resources. The modernity of Japan joined to the romantic samurai era of Clavell novels makes it an irresistibly potent choice.

All of this is part of the alchemy that goes into why some nations are chosen and some are not. Spain is an obvious choice for a game about exploration, but how many people really clamor for Spain if it’s not included in a general history game? There is geographic balance, game balance, cultural baggage, immediate relevance…all of these fit into why some get picked and some do not for historically themed strategy games.

As I said, lists suck.

Coming soon, the conclusion – an epilogue on what I have learned, what I haven’t and why this matters.

What this is about, including full list.

In the opening chapter of Making Empire: Colonial Encounters and the Creation of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa, Richard Price notes that even though the Xhosa are the most politically powerful tribe in South Africa and that British African policy in the 19th century was largely in response to dealing with the Xhosa, it is the Zulus who have always had a greater hold on the British imagination, even when the British had little to do with them. The Zulus were led in the early 19th century by a powerful soldier-king, Shaka. They were a warlike people that epitomized the idea of the fierce native warrior. They fought like Europeans in ordered formations with regular battle plans. And, of course, they overran a British force at Isandlwana; an African enemy obviously worthy of respect.

The Zulu expansion under Shaka so disrupted the sociopolitical structure of his region that it was given a name – the Mfecane. Shaka’s wars were fast and brutal and caused a spiraling wave of forced migration and ongoing warfare through the first half of the 19th century. As a king he was a military reformer, a political revolutionary and finally assassinated after a few tries. His nephew, Cetshwayo, would finally lose the kingdom to the British in 1879, but would be briefly reinstalled as a puppet later.

It’s honestly hard to justify the Zulu as the greatest of the African civilizations. Their migration and warfare did not lead to any great empire; a tiny corner of South Africa along the Indian Ocean. Give Shaka credit for survivability and military insight, but he wasn’t the Napoleon of the Cape. There is no Code of Shaka, after all.

The Zulu were, however, the most obvious of the African. Like the Babylonians, Meier probably used them in the game because, first, he needed an Africa civ that wasn’t Mediterranean Egypt, and second, people knew who the Zulu were. Recognition was the important thing here. The default name for the first Zulu city in Civ 1 and 2 was Zimbabwe – which is not even a Zulu city.

It is, however, the center of a great Bantu kingdom of the middle ages and if you see the Zulu as the most prominent of the Bantu people, then I guess you can squeeze it in. The Bantu migration through southern Africa marks that language group as one of the most widespread in the world; Rise of Nations in fact uses the Bantu as a faction with the special power of Migration. So you get to build one city over your cap and cities are much, much cheaper to begin with. If you want a quick landgrab, the Bantu are the proper faction in Rise of Nations.

I get the sense that Civ‘s designers realized that the Zulu weren’t necessarily the best choice in an African civ. Civ 4, after all, ditched Shaka until the Warlords expansion. Instead the Mali were the African option, a great West African kingdom that dominated the region as a traditional empire would, and with a legendarily rich and devout Mansa Musa as a ruler. (These two were joined by Ethiopia in the second expansion.)

Civilization 5 has so far had only the Songhai – another West African empire – with no reports of new African civs around the corner. Rise of Nations included the Merchant focused Nubians, another Nile civilization.

And that’s it. That’s Africa in games about history and expansion unless you include the Paradox grand strategy games where Africa is a picked bone slowly gnawed by imperial Europe. And these few nations, except the Zulu, never repeat or cross streams. There are no Africans at all in Age of Empires, Empire Earth, Empires: Dawn of the Modern World. (Can we get some new words please, while we’re at it?)

This is the Gun, Germs and Steel effect in game design. As Jared Diamond pointed out in his Pulitzer winning book, the earth did not give every nation an even playing field. Access to an climate, crops, domesticated animals and other natural factors almost inevitably lifted Eurasia to the top of the historical pyramid, while Africa lagged behind. Civ-like games are about building empires from the engines of war and technology, and if the earth’s axis means crops can’t spread as well north to south as they can east to west and that you get zebras and elephants instead of horses and sheep, then you have a history of small empires and no really obvious candidates for glory.

Africa is of course the home of medieval Great Zimbabwe, a walled city that dominated its landscape. And the Great Library of the Mali and a king so rich that his donations while on pilgrimage crashed the gold markets of Egypt for a decade. And pyramids outside those of the Pharaohs, built down the Nile valley by a southern kingdom that the son of the sun god had to constantly guard against. And a valiant Christian dominion on the horn that resisted European influence until finally conquered on the eve of World War 2 – turning Ethiopia into a watchword for the failure of collective action and her emperor into a god. The great African empires are Western Islamic states or, or Orthodox Abyssinia. A “home grown” empire like the Zulus or one you would find in India or East Asia has to fight against a game design that is about “progress”.

But, oddly, the Americas are seen as full of choices for historical game developers. Rise of Nations has *five* American factions. The Mayans had writing, at least. And the Inca an elaborate road system. And the Aztecs great cities. You can point to the Iroquois Confederacy as a sign of political sophistication and the Sioux nomadic society that resisted American movement west. And I guarantee that few of these stories seem especially alien or foreign to gamers.

Of course, neither are the Zulu alien or foreign. They fit the stories we tell just fine – they’re dark, savage warriors with assegai charging into the rifles of British redcoats. They even made a good movie about it. The Zulu are Africa, because they are still the Africa so many of us just accept as a fact of life on that poor, exploited continent. The idea that the ruinous Congo War has political causes as deep and personal as the outbreak of World War I is unknown, because all we see reported is that thousands more Africans are being raped and slaughtered and starved every day, sometimes by their own governments.

The fact there is so little consensus on who should be the major African civilization doesn’t mean that there aren’t any. It means that maybe we have a poor understanding for what made a major civilization in Africa outside of the powers of the Islamic empires in the west. Maybe I am too quick to dismiss Shaka as a minor chieftain based solely on the postage stamp kingdom he bought with the blood of many Africans – for his era, he was the dominant regional figure, feared by everyone around him.

And we already know who he is. I look forward to kicking his ass again soon.

Next time, a short round up of big factions left out of the first Civ, but that have made their presence known since.